Hand Firearms in 15th-Century Poland. Why Did the Breakthrough Happen?

The first mention of the use artillery in Poland comes from 1383. Information on hand firearms is slightly later. In 1410, one handbuchse by municipal guards Kraków was recorded. However, over next decades, did not play a significant role. According to records mercenary infantry 1470s, less than 1% soldiers owned (simple handgonnes and hackbuts). Small arms started bigger role only 1490s. lists 1496, 27% shooters had firearms, while rest still used crossbows. following years, percentage with increased, exceeding 80% 1500. It should be noted that late 15th century censuses there new type weapon called rusznica, term associated matchlock handgonnes. quickly gained recognition mercenaries. After 1498, also appeared equipment mounted mercenaries members court banner. Matchlock almost completely replaced crossbows armament infantry. author tries present these changes European context, explain how such foot were possible short time.